Indonesia Projected to Become Global Seaweed Producer
Indonesia Projected to Become Global Seaweed Producer
Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Fadel Muhammad has the ambition not only to turn Indonesia into a top global fish supplier but also the world’s biggest seaweed producer.
Indonesia is striving to produce 10 million tons of seaweed per by 2015, making it the number one producing country, replacing the Philippines.
“We are trying to increase seaweed production on a mass scale to enable Indonesia to become the biggest seaweed producer in the world,” Minister Fadel Muhammad said when speaking in the Third Seaweed International Business Forum and Exhibition (Seabfex) in Surabaya, East Java, July 2010.
Fadel was optimistic that in the next two years the target might partly be achieved especially in view of the vast seaweed cultivating grounds in Indonesia’s eastern parts, like East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Maluku, and North Maluku.
Indonesia, a maritime country having the world’s second longest coastal line, has very big potential in the production of seaweed, which is relatively easy to cultivate as it takes only 45 days to fully grow.
Seaweed is in very high demand in the international markets, especially as a raw material for the production of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Seaweed is also good fertilizer and is currently under consideration as a potential source of bioethanol.
In line with the planned seaweed production increase, the minister would also want to see many more seaweed processing factories to be built in the country in the next two years in order to boost exports of processed seaweed products. Currently, Indonesia has around 23 seaweed producing companies.
For that purpose, Minister Fadel has urged banking circles to provide smallholder credits for seaweed farmers.
“Without the credits, I think it would be rather difficult to develop seaweed,” he said.
Regarding Indonesia’s plan to mainly process seaweed at home, Prof Dr Jana Anggardiredja, the Technology Assessment and Application Agency (BPPT)’s deputy for natural resource development technology, last March said a lot of researches were needed to raise the target of seaweed processed products from 20 kinds to 50.
Prof Jana, concurrently Chairman of the Indonesian Sea Weed Society, said almost all of the Gracilaria sp seaweed production has been absorbed at home because there has already been a gelatin plant, which is the world`s biggest, in the country.
“In the future we must process it more or, if possible, totally at home,” he said.
He pointed out that China whose sea did not produce seaweeds had many seaweed processing industries and therefore needed a lot of seaweed as the raw materials from Indonesia.
The world`s demand for carrgeenin in 2006 reached 40,000 metric tons a year worth US$335 million, while alginate 12,000 metric tons a year worth US$94 million and gelatine 10,000 metric tons a year worth US$181 million.
By 2014 he hoped absorption of domestically processed carrageenin would increase to 15 percent or around 4,000 tons while exports to reach around 22,000 tons.
He also hoped absorption of domestically processed gelatine would be 85 percent or around 4,250 tons and exports around 750 tons.
In 2009 Indonesia’s seaweed production reached 2,574,000 tons, which increased sharply from the 2005 level of only 910,636 tons.
“Seaweed to the total production of marine and fisheries accounted for 8.9 pct, while we set a target of 27 pct by 2015,” Minister Fadel said last February in the Seabfex III opening which was participated in by representatives from 14 countries, such as the Philippines, South Korea, China, Malaysia, France, India, Germany, Canada, Chile, Japan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and the Netherlands.
Indonesia’s total seaweed exports reached 102,415.93 tons, worth 124.36 million US dollars, with destinations including Asia, Europe, America, Australia, and Africa.
With regard to carrageenin product, Indonesia had controlled around 13 percent of the world`s market in 2007 and 13.7 percent in 2008, 14 percent in 2009 and predictably 15 percent in 2010, according to Martani Huseini, the marine affairs and fisheries ministry’s director general of fishery product processing and marketing in Gorontalo, Sulawesi, last April.
Petrus Rani Pong, a researcher from the Mamuju fishery and brackish water cultivation research center in South Sulawesi Province, one of the country’s biggest seaweed producers, said in June 2010 that with the support of innovative technology, Indonesia would be able to achieve the 10 million tons target by 2014, from 2.6 million tons in 2010.
Besides, the government has facilitated the expansion of seaweed cultivation areas from 2.1 million hectares into 2.6 million hectares in 2010, he said.
He believed that seaweed cultivation involving thousands of farmers throughout the nation could help improve the people`s welfare since the overseas demands for seaweed were very high.
Of seven seaweed species being cultivated in Indonesia, the majority is Kappaphycus species, which is considered good quality.
Indonesia’s Island of Bali will host the 21st International Seaweed Symposium (ISS) in 2013. The decision was taken in the 20th ISS which was organized in Mexico in February 2010, according to Chairman of the Indonesian Seaweed Producers’ Association (ALRI) Safari Azis Husain.
Azis Husain, who had attended the Mexico meeting, said the appointment of Indonesia to host the important meeting, reflected that Indonesia has been considered of having huge potential in the seaweed cultivation.
Based on the data resulted from a mapping carried out by a Filipino researcher, Dr. Anicia Q. Hurtado, there were 11 spots of the world`s seaweed production centers for E. Cottonii seaweed existing along the Equator, particularly in the Coral Triangle area covering ten ASEAN member nations, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Pacific islands.
Of the 11 spots, six are in eastern Indonesia, spread from the straits of Makassar, North Sulawesi-Central Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Maluku to Papua, according to Azis Husain.
The data showed that the eastern Indonesia area (KTI) in the future is very strategic and detrimental in meeting the global increasing seaweed consumption, he said.
Indonesia is the world`s biggest dried seaweed exporter with its annual exports reaching 145,000 tons, or about 50 percent of the tropical world’s total exports of 290,000 tons.
The total dried seaweed exports of tropical countries which is 290,000 tons accounted for 25 percent of the worl’`s total seaweed exports of 1.2 million tons.
“Beside Indonesia, other tropical countries which export dried seaweed include the Philippines, which contributes 35 percent of the total tropical countries’ exports of dried seaweed,” chairman of Indonesia’s Seaweed Commission, Farid Ma’aruoef, said last April in Padang, West Sumatra.
On a national scale, Indonesia’s wet seaweed production reaches 1,94 million tons, and only 15 percent of it is processed at home.
Seaweed farming in Halmahera, Indonesia
Seaweed farming in Halmahera, Indonesia
In the lagoons of the Goraici region off the island of Halmahera in northern Indonesia, a small village has set aside many acres of shallow protected waters to farm seaweed. Seaweeds have many uses, including food, and are harvested for extracts including alginate, agar and carrageenan – all gelatinous substances which are commercially important as food additives and also used in the pharmaceutical industry.
The farming method is very simple. Local Indonesians set up long monofilmaent lines for the seaweed to grow on. Each line is roughly 50 metres long mounted on sturdy poles at each end. Seedlings are attached to the lines, which are suspended by attaching buoyant plastic bottles at intervals along the line. Navigating between the lanes in their small hand-carved boats, the farmers dive down and collect the seaweed that has fallen off the line and is now resting on the sandy bottom.
Seaweed farming provides a very sustainable source of food and income for these communities and is a viable alternative livelihood for coastal fisherman, who might have otherwise resort to destructive fishing practices such as cyanide or dynamite fishing. There is still some environmental impact however, as many farmers cut down mangrove trees to use as support structures for the lines.
Seaweed Farming in Indonesia: Nusa Lembongan
Seaweed Farming in Indonesia: Nusa Lembongan
Most of the villagers are involved in seaweed farming. It consumes their everyday life, which revolves around the tides and the particular stage of cultivation. The areas used for farming must be relatively shallow and sheltered from the ocean swells. The farming plots look like a giant patchwork quilt as the tide recedes.
The seaweed grown at the island produces carrageenan which is used as an ingredient in food production and cosmetics around the world. Carrageenan is a thickener used in hand lotions and shampoos and interacts with human carotene to give soft skin and silky hair.
During cultivation the offshoots are taken from the parent plant and attached to lines which are anchored to the bottom of the ocean by wooden stakes. The new seedlings are then able to be harvested in approx 4 to 6 weeks.
After harvesting they are laid out to dry, usually for several days, before being sent to market to be sold. The seaweed farmers receive between 600 rupiah and 3,500 rupiah per kilo depending on the type of seaweed and the market value of the day.
Pictures of Seaweed Harvesting
Seaweed uses and utilization
Seaweed uses and utilization
Seaweeds are used in many maritime countries as a source of food, for industrial applications and as a fertiliser. The major utilisation of these plants as food is in Asia, particularly Japan, Korea and China, where seaweed cultivation has become a major industry. In most western countries, food and animal consumption is restricted and there has not been any major pressure to develop seaweed cultivation techniques. This present and potential uses of seaweeds. Industrial utilisation is at present largely confined to extraction for phycocolloids and, to a much lesser extent, certain fine biochemicals. Fermentation and pyrolysis are not been carried out on an industrial scale at present but are possible options for the 21st century.
The present uses of seaweeds at present are as human foods, cosmetics, fertilisers, and for the extraction of industrial gums and chemicals. They have the potential to be used as a source of long- and short-chain chemicals with medicinal and industrial uses. Marine algae may also be used as energy-collectors and potentially useful substances may be extracted by fermentation and pyrolysis. The picture shows some of the many seaweed products or products containing seaweed available today, all of these are made by Irish companies and/or from Irish seaweed.
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